- Literature is mirror of society because it gives an image, but image is not necessarily a true image.
- The Image can be distorted in reality or perceived as distorted by society as whole literature tends to focus on subject current to societal engagement.
- Literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it. It enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides; and in this respect, it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become.
- Books are the carriers of civilization. Without books, history is silent, literature dumb, science crippled, thought and speculation at a standstill.
- The very essence of literature is the war between emotion and intellect, between life and death. When literature becomes too intellectual - when it begins to ignore the passions, the emotions - it becomes sterile, silly, and actually without substance.
- So we can say that literature is mirror of world.....
UNIT 1: LINGUISTICS A) The Nature of Language Language is the fundamental instrument of human communication, thought, and culture. At a postgraduate level, language is defined not merely as a set of words, but as a dynamic, rule-governed system of arbitrary vocal symbols used by humans to interact, express identity, and transmit knowledge across generations. Core Characteristics of Human Language To understand the nature of language, modern linguistics identifies key properties (often referred to as Hockett’s Design Features ) that separate human language from animal communication systems: 1. Arbitrariness There is no natural, logical, or intrinsic connection between a linguistic sign (the word) and the real-world object or concept it represents (the referent). For instance, the physical domestic canine animal is called dog in English, chien in French, perro in Spanish, and kutta in Hindi. None of these sound combinations has an inherent "dog-like" quality; the ...


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