IITE B.ED Unit 1 and 2 English Language

 English Language IITE B.ED

Unit  1 Communication Skills

 Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another.

 

Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient. This may sound simple, but communication is actually a very complex subject.

 

The transmission of the message from sender to recipient can be affected by a huge range of things. These include our emotions, the cultural situation, the medium used to communicate, and even our location. The complexity is why good communication skills are considered so desirable by employers around the world: accurate, effective and unambiguous communication is actually extremely hard.

 

Defining Communication

 

communication, n. The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. …The successful conveying or sharing of ideas and feelings.

 

Oxford English Dictionary

 

As this definition makes clear, communication is more than simply the transmission of information. The term requires an element of success in transmitting or imparting a message, whether information, ideas, or emotions.

 

A communication therefore has three parts: the sender, the message, and the recipient.

 

The sender ‘encodes’ the message, usually in a mixture of words and non-verbal communication. It is transmitted in some way (for example, in speech or writing), and the recipient ‘decodes’ it.

 

Of course, there may be more than one recipient, and the complexity of communication means that each one may receive a slightly different message. Two people may read very different things into the choice of words and/or body language. It is also possible that neither of them will have quite the same understanding as the sender.

 

In face-to-face communication, the roles of the sender and recipient are not distinct. The two roles will pass back and forwards between two people talking. Both parties communicate with each other, even if in very subtle ways such as through eye-contact (or lack of) and general body language. In written communication, however, the sender and recipient are more distinct.

 

 

Categories of Communication

 

There are a wide range of ways in which we communicate and more than one may be occurring at any given time.

 The different categories of communication include:

 

Spoken or Verbal Communication, which includes face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media.

 

Non-Verbal Communication, covering body language, gestures, how we dress or act, where we stand, and even our scent. There are many subtle ways that we communicate (perhaps even unintentionally) with others. For example, the tone of voice can give clues to mood or emotional state, whilst hand signals or gestures can add to a spoken message.

 

Written Communication: which includes letters, e-mails, social media, books, magazines, the Internet and other media. Until recent times, a relatively small number of writers and publishers were very powerful when it came to communicating the written word. Today, we can all write and publish our ideas online, which has led to an explosion of information and communication possibilities.

 

Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can all communicate messages.

 

The desired outcome or goal of any communication process is mutual understanding.

 

The process of interpersonal communication cannot be regarded as a phenomena which simply 'happens'. Instead, it must be seen as a process that involves participants who negotiate their roles with each other, whether consciously or unconsciously.

 

A message or communication is sent by the sender through a communication channel to one or more recipients.

 

The sender must encode the message (the information being conveyed) into a form that is appropriate to the communication channel, and the recipient then decodes the message to understand its meaning and significance.

 

Misunderstanding can occur at any stage of the communication process.

 

Effective communication involves minimizing potential misunderstanding and overcoming any barriers to communication at each stage in the communication process.

 

Communications Process

 

Communications is a continuous process which mainly involves three elements viz. sender, message, and receiver. The elements involved in the communication process are explained below in detail:

 

1. Sender

The sender or the communicator generates the message and conveys it to the receiver. He is the source and the one who starts the communication

 

2. Message

It is the idea, information, view, fact, feeling, etc. that is generated by the sender and is then intended to be communicated further.

 

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3. Encoding

The message generated by the sender is encoded symbolically such as in the form of words, pictures, gestures, etc. before it is being conveyed.

 

4. Media

It is the manner in which the encoded message is transmitted. The message may be transmitted orally or in writing. The medium of communication includes telephone, internet, post, fax, e-mail, etc. The choice of medium is decided by the sender.

 

Learn more about Types of Communication here in detail.

 

5. Decoding

It is the process of converting the symbols encoded by the sender. After decoding the message is received by the receiver.

 

6. Receiver

He is the person who is last in the chain and for whom the message was sent by the sender. Once the receiver receives the message and understands it in proper perspective and acts according to the message, only then the purpose of communication is successful.

 

7. Feedback

Once the receiver confirms to the sender that he has received the message and understood it, the process of communication is complete.

 

8. Noise

It refers to any obstruction that is caused by the sender, message or receiver during the process of communication. For example, bad telephone connection, faulty encoding, faulty decoding, inattentive receiver, poor understanding of message due to prejudice or inappropriate gestures, etc.

 

Communications in Directing

 

(Source: businessjargons)

 

Importance of Communication

1. The Basis of Co-ordination

The manager explains to the employees the organizational goals, modes of their achievement and also the interpersonal relationships amongst them. This provides coordination between various employees and also departments. Thus, communications act as a basis for coordination in the organization.

 

2. Fluent Working

A manager coordinates the human and physical elements of an organization to run it smoothly and efficiently. This coordination is not possible without proper communication.

 

3. The Basis of Decision Making

Proper communication provides information to the manager that is useful for decision making. No decisions could be taken in the absence of information. Thus, communication is the basis for taking the right decisions.

 

Learn more about Barriers of Communication here in detail.

 

4. Increases Managerial Efficiency

The manager conveys the targets and issues instructions and allocates jobs to the subordinates. All of these aspects involve communication. Thus, communication is essential for the quick and effective performance of the managers and the entire organization.

 

5. Increases Cooperation and Organizational Peace

The two-way communication process promotes co-operation and mutual understanding amongst the workers and also between them and the management. This leads to less friction and thus leads to industrial peace in the factory and efficient operations.

 

6. Boosts Morale of the Employees

Good communication helps the workers to adjust to the physical and social aspect of work. It also improves good human relations in the industry. An efficient system of communication enables the management to motivate, influence and satisfy the subordinates which in turn boosts their morale and keeps them motivated.

 

Types of Communication

1. Formal Communication

Formal communications are the one which flows through the official channels designed in the organizational chart. It may take place between a superior and a subordinate, a subordinate and a superior or among the same cadre employees or managers. These communications can be oral or in writing and are generally recorded and filed in the office.

 

Formal communication may be further classified as Vertical communication and Horizontal communication.

 

Vertical Communication

Vertical Communications as the name suggests flows vertically upwards or downwards through formal channels. Upward communication refers to the flow of communication from a subordinate to a superior whereas downward communication flows from a superior to a subordinate.

 

Application for grant of leave, submission of a progress report, request for loans etc. are some of the examples of upward communication. Sending notice to employees to attend a meeting, delegating work to the subordinates, informing them about the company policies, etc. are some examples of downward communication.

 

Horizontal Communication

Horizontal or lateral communication takes place between one division and another. For example, a production manager may contact the finance manager to discuss the delivery of raw material or its purchase.

 

Types of communication networks in formal communication:

 

Single chain: In this type of network communications flows from every superior to his subordinate through a single chain.

Wheel: In this network, all subordinates under one superior communicate through him only. They are not allowed to talk among themselves.

Circular: In this type of network, the communication moves in a circle. Each person is able to communicate with his adjoining two persons only.

Free flow: In this network, each person can communicate with any other person freely. There is no restriction.

Inverted V: In this type of network, a subordinate is allowed to communicate with his immediate superior as well as his superior’s superior also. However, in the latter case, only ordained communication takes place.

 

2. Informal Communication

Any communication that takes place without following the formal channels of communication is said to be informal communication. The Informal communication is often referred to as the ‘grapevine’ as it spreads throughout the organization and in all directions without any regard to the levels of authority.

 

The informal communication spreads rapidly, often gets distorted and it is very difficult to detect the source of such communication. It also leads to rumors which are not true. People’s behavior is often affected by the rumors and informal discussions which sometimes may hamper the work environment.

 

However, sometimes these channels may be helpful as they carry information rapidly and, therefore, may be useful to the manager at times. Informal channels are also used by the managers to transmit information in order to know the reactions of his/her subordinates.

 

Learn more about 7 C’s of Communication here in detail.

 

Types of Grapevine network:

Single strand:  In this network, each person communicates with the other in a sequence.

Gossip network: In this type of network, each person communicates with all other persons on a non-selective basis.

Probability network: In this network, the individual communicates randomly with other individuals.

Cluster Network:  In this network, the individual communicates with only those people whom he trusts. Out of these four types of networks, the Cluster network is the most popular in organizations.

 

Barriers to Communication

 

The communication barriers may prevent communication or carry incorrect meaning due to which misunderstandings may be created. Therefore, it is essential for a manager to identify such barriers and take appropriate measures to overcome them. The barriers to communication in organizations can be broadly grouped as follows:

 

1. Semantic Barriers

These are concerned with the problems and obstructions in the process of encoding and decoding of a message into words or impressions. Normally, such barriers result due to use of wrong words, faulty translations, different interpretations, etc.

 

For example, a manager has to communicate with workers who have no knowledge of the English language and on the other side, he is not well conversant with the Hindi language. Here, language is a barrier to communication as the manager may not be able to communicate properly with the workers.

 

2. Psychological Barriers

Emotional or psychological factors also act as barriers to communication. The state of mind of both sender and receiver of communication reflects in effective communication. A worried person cannot communicate properly and an angry recipient cannot understand the message properly.

 

Thus, at the time of communication, both the sender and the receiver need to be psychologically sound. Also, they should trust each other. If they do not believe each other, they cannot understand each other’s message in its original sense.

 

3. Organizational Barriers

The factors related to organizational structure, rules and regulations authority relationships, etc. may sometimes act as barriers to effective communication. In an organization with a highly centralized pattern, people may not be encouraged to have free communication. Also, rigid rules and regulations and cumbersome procedures may also become a hurdle to communication.

 

4. Personal Barriers

The personal factors of both sender and receiver may act as a barrier to effective communication. If a superior thinks that a particular communication may adversely affect his authority, he may suppress such communication.

 

Also, if the superiors do not have confidence in the competency of their subordinates, they may not ask for their advice. The subordinates may not be willing to offer useful suggestions in the absence of any reward or appreciation for a good suggestion.

 

  Non-Verbal Communications in the Classroom

 

Non-Verbal Communications in the Classroom

Strong communication skills are important to the management of your classroom. You should brush up on your verbal and non-verbal communication skills to effectively show your students what appropriate classroom behavior means. The majority of your communication with your students is nonverbal. Strong verbal communication is significant as well, while you should show your students the rules and classroom lessons they need to know.

 

Behavior Charts

 

Behavior charts are an easy way to encourage appropriate classroom behavior because students can see how they are doing behavior-wise. A simple tracking method is to use numbers or colors to signify good and poor choices. For younger children, it will be especially easy for them to learn to associate the color red or the number 1 with poor behavior and the number 5 and color green with good behavior. When children are not following the rules, have them move their name or a clip down the chart, a concrete way to reinforce the classroom rules.

 

Body Language

 

Body language is important to the way students read you. For example, frequently crossing your arms can put students on the defensive and make it look as if you're closing your self off to communication. If you do not know what to do with your hands, try pressing your fingers against each other in front of your chest. Students are more likely to be receptive to your ideas if you have body language that is open to them. You also can utilize hand gestures to make a point. We all know what a finger to closed lips means or a wagging finger.

 

Eye Contact

 

Eye contact is another way to improve your nonverbal communication skills. When you look around your classroom, you secure the trust of your students while also getting their attention. In addition, if a student is acting up you can try the five second stare. The student should get the idea that the behavior is inappropriate when she notices your stare.

 

Clapping

 

Clapping is a quick way to get the attention of a classroom that is out of control. If you do not have time for a five second stare, loud claps should make your classroom stop acting out and pay attention. Simply clap your hands together several times loudly.

 

Time Out

 

Do not hesitate to tell students that they are going to have time out if they continue to act unruly. State loudly and clearly that the actions they are taking are making you send them to time out during recess. Follow through with your punishment to demonstrate that the students cannot get away with poor behavior.

 

Smile

 

Remember to smile when you are giving your students approval. If a student's behavior improves, say the word "yes" with a large smile on your face. You want your students to understand that you notice when they do something right, too.

 

Greetings

 

Remember to say "Good Morning" and "Good Bye" to your students on a daily basis. It not only helps to set a good tone for the day but also helps students learn to mirror polite behavior. Try to greet students by name. Students who were personally greeted by their teachers also felt that those teachers cared about them personally. This belief helped motivate the students in the classroom.

 

 

The 7 characteristics of effective communication

 

Communication can be defined as the combination of the processes we implement to share and convey information. Sounds easy, right? And yet, it isn’t. Because effectiveness can only be achieved when the sender of the message pays attention to specific elements that might affect how the message is perceived and decoded by the receiver.

 

Over time, the concept of effective communication has been associated with persuasive communication. But that’s wrong, because the terms imply different communication objectives:

 

Persuasive communication aims at prompting change in the receiver’s behaviours, beliefs, values or preferences.

Effective communication is about delivering an information unambiguously, so that the receiver can decode it correctly.

 

 

But what does it take to compose and deliver an effective message?

 

In Effective Public Relations (1952), University of Winsconsin professor Scott M. Cutlip and Allen H. Center defined a set of principles, known today as the 7 C’s of communication. The list has been widely adopted – with or without slight variations – and is now considered as a staple in public relations studies.

 

Ready to explore each element of the original set?

 

 Completeness

Effective communications are complete, i.e. the receiver gets all the information he needs to process the message and take action. A complete message reduces the need for follow-up questions and smoothens the communication process.

 

Conciseness

Conciseness is about keeping your message to a point. This is more about the content of your message rather than its length. Even a short memo can include irrelevant or redundant information. Conciseness helps the receiver focus on what’s important, speeds up the processing of information and caters for improved understanding.

 

Consideration

Effective communication takes into account the receiver’s background and points of view. If your message hits a nerve or sounds as disrespectful, the emotional reaction of the receiver might affect the perception of your message. Also, tailoring your message to your audience – e.g. by using argumentations and examples which are relevant to their experience – makes it easier for them to process the contents.

 

Concreteness

A concrete message is specific, tangible, vivid. It’s supported by facts and figures for enhanced credibility. It helps your audience gain an overview of the broader picture. Concreteness mitigates the risk of misunderstanding, fosters trust and encourages constructive criticism.

 

Courtesy

Courtesy and consideration complement each other in effective communications. Courtesy means respecting the receiver’s culture, values and beliefs – i.e. crafting a message that is genuinely polite and unbiased.

 

Clearness

The clearer your message, the easier it gets for the receiver to decode it according to your original intent. While this sounds obvious, most communication pitfalls originate from lack of clarity. Want to deliver an effective message? Start with a clear communication goal and accurate thoughts. Clear communications build on exact terminology and concrete words, to reduce ambiguities and confusion in the communication process.

 

Correctness

Correct grammar and syntax vouch for increased effectiveness and credibility of your message. Formal errors might affect the clarity of your message, trigger ambiguity and raise doubts. They might also have a negative impact on the overall perception of the message, which could be seen as sloppy or negligent.

 

COMMON BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Regardless of the type of communication: verbal, nonverbal, written, listening or visual, if we don't communicate effectively, we put ourselves and others at risk. Besides physical and technical barriers, there are six barriers to effective communication every employee and manager should strive to eradicate.

 

Dissatisfaction or Disinterest With One’s Job

If you are unhappy or have lost interest in your job, you are far less likely to communicate effectively – both on the giving and receiving ends. In other words, your heart isn’t in it. This barrier, is perhaps the most difficult to overcome because it involves changing a mindset, and thus it typically doesn’t change until the person leaves.

 

Inability to Listen to Others

Active listening is an important aspect of effective communication. You cannot engage with someone if you are not listening to them because you will tend to make assumptions about their needs based on your perceptions versus reality.

 

Lack of Transparency & Trust

It is extremely difficult to communicate anything when there is a lack of transparency and trust. For example, if your staff believes you are holding something back, they will be anxious, some will speculate, and as a result, it will be more difficult for them to process any attempt you make to communicate with them.

 

Communication Styles (when they differ)

Everyone has their own communication style. Some people are very direct while others prefer a more indirect approach. Some use detailed data, while others rely on generalities, and so forth. Occasionally, one person is so entrenched in their way of communicating, they find it difficult to communicate with others who rely on a different style. You might hear comments such as, “Mary never explains what she wants me to do, she’s never specific” or “Bill gets so caught up in the weeds, that I lose focus on the bigger picture.”

 

Conflicts in the Workplace

Conflict can happen for a variety of reasons and when it does, it becomes a barrier to effective communication. The nature of the conflict is not necessarily important, what is important is working to resolve the conflict. When conflict is not eradicated, it grows and then people begin to take sides, which further impedes effective communication.

 

Cultural Differences & Language

It is important to understand the cultural differences in communication. But don’t just think international as in remembering that in Japan one’s surname precedes their given name. There can also be regional differences – for example, a northerner might not like the term "y’all" or even understand the more comprehensive version, "all y’all." While these examples may seem trivial, the point is that cultural differences can occur within the boundaries of the US, and when one does not recognize cultural differences, they risk offending the other person. It is in the offense that communication breaks down.

 

We all should actively engage in reflecting on our own communication skills. The above list of communication barriers, is a great place to start. Reflection, empathy (putting yourself into the other’s shows), and practice will help you hone your skills. However, no one is perfect, so it is also important to recognize and acknowledge when you make a mistake, which is the first step in keeping the doors to effective communication open.

 

 

Unit 2 Modes of Communication

Improve your email writing skills

 

1. Maintain your credibility

Present yourself as the trusted professional you are.

 

·         Be polite: say please and thank you as appropriate

·         Keep a professional tone: avoid slang, exclamation marks, and smiley faces

·         Use a suitable greeting and opening, but avoid insincere small talk

·         Include a suitable sign-off that fits the tone of the email

·         Keep your email signature simple and short: limit images and avoid cursive fonts

·         Don’t use too many high importance flags

·          

2. Present your email thoughtfully

Give the right amount of information in the right way so that your reader is able to read your message easily, and wants to.

·         Place your key message and call to action near the top so it’s the first thing your reader sees

·         Organize the rest of the information from most to least important

·         Limit the number of issues covered in the email to increase the chance of a response 

·         Write briefly and stick to the point: try to keep to 150 words or less

·         Use short, everyday words instead of jargon and difficult words

·         Avoid acronyms and terms your reader won’t understand

·         Keep sentences short

·          

3. Help your reader scan

We don’t read content onscreen word for word. In fact, most of us scan a web page in an F-shaped pattern. Use layout and formatting to guide your reader through the email and to your key points.

·         Put your key message and call to action at the top

·         For a longer email with a lot of details, use headings

·         Write in easy-to-read chunks: use short paragraphs and lists with bullets or numbers

·         Don’t use too much bold; if you emphasize too many words, you end up emphasizing nothing

·         Avoid all caps, huge fonts and random colours; these slow the reader down

·          

4. Write your subject line last

Your subject line could determine whether your reader opens your email. Make it count.

·         Write the subject line after drafting your message

·         Use action verbs so the reader knows what you want done

·         Be specific and descriptive so the reader knows right away what the message is about

·         Appeal to the reader’s needs: ask yourself what will make the reader care about your email

·         Avoid starting a sentence in the subject line and finishing it in the body

·         Keep your subject line under 50 characters or 6 to 8 words, so the whole line will show in the inbox preview

·         Keep in mind that some smartphones show only 33 to 44 characters for the subject line

·          

5. Review and revise

Imagine that everyone in the company will read your message. Emails are quick to create, but leave a lasting impression. Review your work now to save time and get results later.

·         Use the spell-check feature to reduce errors

·         Read the message backwards to check for errors that a spell-checker won’t catch, like homonyms and usage errors

·         Check that your key message is perfectly clear, without typos, wordy phrases, or anything that can be misunderstood

·         Check that all names and titles are correct

·         Make sure you have attached any important files or included any necessary links

 

 

Presentation Skills

 

Structuring your Presentation

What Structure?

Structure is important because a well organized presentation creates an impression that you know what you are talking about-you will gain the audience's trust and they will be more likely to listen to you. A structure provides a logical flow so that you can provide the information that the audience needs to follow your presentation. The structure will help you become more comfortable following this flow. There is a natural structure to presenting and the following structure formalizes this process.

·         Purpose

To determine your purpose ask "What are the main points I want my audience to take away from my presentation"? This provides focus for you and the audience is clear on what they will gain listening to your presentation.

·         Audience pre-assessment

It is important to identify the characteristics, knowledge and needs of your audience so that you are delivering the 'right' presentation to the 'right' audience. Know who your audience is, what they want/need to know and what is their background. This step is done before the presentation or throughout.

·         Opening your Presentation/Bridge

This is also known as the hook. It is designed to grab the audience's attention and provide them with a reason to be interested in the presentation.

·         Body of Presentation

This is the major portion of the presentation. It is necessary that it connects directly to your purpose or bridge. Cover enough points to achieve your purpose (no more) and be sure to support your points clearly and concisely.

·         Closing your Presentation

This is the final impression that you will leave with your audience-make sure it is a strong one. Connect back to your purpose and let them know where you have been. Leave your audience with a clear understanding of your points.

10 - 20 - 30 Rule

In 2005, Guy Kawasaki, a venture capitalist in Silicon Valley wrote on his blog about a rule of thumb in making great presentations. Focusing on conciseness and visibility, he suggested the 10 - 20 - 30 Rule of PowerPoint Presentations.

·         10 Slides

By having a limit of 10 slides, you will be managing the cognitive load for your audiences. They can easily follow the flow of your presentations. It also challenges you to design your presentations well: choose what's important and leave out what's unnecessary

·         20 Minutes

By giving yourself limited time on your presentation, you are challenging yourself to leave out unnecessary details and focus on the important stories that will convey your message. Even if your session has been allotted with more time, you can devote the remaining minutes to discussions, questions or any technique that involves audiences with your presentation.

There are events and organizations that specialize in presentations with time constraints such as Pecha Kucha and the Three-Minute Thesis.

·         30-size Font

Depending on the room and screen size, most audiences will be able to see text that are at least 30-size font. When designing your presentation, keep in mind that anything you show must be visible to everybody in attendance, especially those in the back.

If you are concerned about fitting more text in a slide, always remember they do not necessarily make a better presentation.

Keep in mind that these rules are very subjective and each situation is unique. Apply them as a good rule of thumb to guide you in planning your presentations. Other circumstances may come and you need to be flexible however, have your visible and concise presentations.

 
Social Media Effects on Communication

 

Around 3 billion people use social media today, which means that 40% of the world uses social media for communication. It’s no surprise that this widespread use has social media effects on communication.

11% of adults reported preferring staying home on Facebook than going out on the weekend. Communication is affected in ways such as personal expression, our expectations of others, and the way companies communicate with customers.

 

Exposure to Messaging

Information Overload

Many people tend to binge on social media, spending hours and hours scrolling though sites. Ultimately, this may lead to a constant craving of more internet and more social media consumption. The more people get, the more they want — and it’s hard to stop the cycle.

University of the People student holding phonePhoto by Kaboompics .com from Pexels

Young People Read News

Social media has made reading the news cool again. According to Wibbitz, 23% of young users get news from social media, and a whopping 61% get political news from Facebook. On social media, people share interesting news they read, and they can follow various news sources’ pages.

Getting the Full Picture 

Stories — a part of Instagram, Snapchat, and Facebook — mean that people get the full picture of an event, activity, or occurrence in someone’s life. We no longer just get a snapshot of a home-cooked meal, we might see the entire process from start to finish.

This has changed the way people think about what to post — there is much less thought put into a post when it is a story that will be erased after 24 hours.

Boredom in Conversation 

Here’s a sad social media effect on communication. We are becoming bored when we have real, in-person conversations. People have such a need for social media consumption and that instant, colorful feedback only social media can give, they will often become bored during real conversations, resorting to their phones. This can lead to a decrease in the quality and number of meaningful conversations.

Reactions to Non-Verbal, Emotional, and Social Cues

In-person reactions to non-verbal, emotional, or social cues are changing in that people don’t need to respond to these types of communication when they are online. This leads to less experience and awareness of others’ needs based on these types of cues that can only be received from in-person communication.

 

 

Self Expression

Sense of Urgency

 

 

No one has to wait for longer than a few hours for a response, and people have come to expect that timeline for conversations. There is so much of a sense of urgency that people are often anxious if they haven’t heard back from a family member, friend, or partner in a number of hours.

Apple iphone with social media iconsPhoto by Cristian Dina from Pexels

Need to Share

Social media has created a feeling among users that they must share whatever they are doing — from restaurant orders, to concerts, to the books they are reading. This can be a social media positive effect because people are getting more exposure to things they might not otherwise, such as new reads. But it can also be a negative effect as it can urge people to become dependent on posting anything occurring in their own lives and painting those occurrences as rosier than they truly are.

Two female University of the People students taking selfiePhoto by Vinicius Wiesehofer from Pexels

How We Value Ourselves

When people see others having a wonderful life, as represented on social media, they tend to have a negative self-image, and start to devalue their own ways of life. In addition, there is a feeling of needing to paint an inaccurately positive and ‘fun’ version of one’s own life which leads to feelings of negativity about one’s ‘real’ life.

 

 

 

 

 

Inside Perspective of Afar

 

 

One of the positive effects of social media is the ability to get an intimate view of other cultures and places. With social media, especially on Instagram, users are able to see what others are doing around the world. People are exposed to travel ideas, new cultures, and ways of life unlike before.

 

 

Broadcasting Live

Broadcasting live started as a fun, innocent idea to share life’s moments, but it’s transformed to become a large part of political movements, sharing some dark aspects of today’s society. The option to post live videos has created an important platform for serious issues that need to be spoken about.

 

Personalized Digital Messages

 

Both Instagram and Snapchat have popularized the highly personalized message. People can now completely change their own faces with selfie filters, or draw pictures to send to friends, and more. Creativity soars, which is a great thing, but people can start to spend too much time personalizing picture messages.

Communication Style

1. Summarized Writing

 

Starting with the limited character text messaging of the 2000s, and nowadays with the 140-character tweet, messages have been getting shorter and more concise. Other areas of communication have adapted for summarized writing as well, such as in shortened work memos, shortened academic communication between students and professors, and shortened messages in advertising.

 

2. Abbreviations

 

The abbreviated style of communicating that became popular when text messaging started in the 00’s has continued into online conversations. It has also made its way into traditionally non-abbreviated forms of communication such as spoken language, email communication, and even academic forms of writing.

 

This has caused concern among some academics, citing studies that show a causation between “textese” and negative effects on literacy skills such as writing skills and reading accuracy. Other studies show that using “textese” has no effect on spelling ability, or correct grammar use. For a full review of related studies, see this meta-analysis.

 

3. Unfiltered Interactions

 

Social media and internet interactions offer a veil between the person sending and the person receiving the message. These interactions are no longer face to face, and this can lead to some unfiltered conversations as people feel they can say anything with no repercussions.

 

4. GIFs and Emojis

 

The introduction of using emojis to illustrate a written message or a GIF to express a reaction may seem fun and innocent, but it is also interfering with our ability to properly craft a written response. It ends up being too tempting to respond with a small picture, or a funny moving photo than to use the mind to create a response with words from scratch.

 

University of the People student using emojisPhoto by Szabo Viktor on Unsplash

 

5. Viral Messages

 

That quick and easy “share” button on so many social media platforms has led to the phenomenon of “going viral.” Messages, videos, and other content can be easily shared between platforms with millions of people in a matter of days 

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